1. What is the primary pigment responsible for photosynthesis in plants?
a) Chlorophyll b
b) Xanthophyll
c) Chlorophyll a
d) Carotenoids
Answer: c) Chlorophyll a
2. In which part of the chloroplast does the light reaction take place?
a) Stroma
b) Thylakoid membrane
c) Outer membrane
d) Ribosomes
Answer: b) Thylakoid membrane
3. Which process is responsible for the production of ATP in the light reaction of photosynthesis?
a) Glycolysis
b) Chemiosmosis
c) Photorespiration
d) Oxidative phosphorylation
Answer: b) Chemiosmosis
4. Who first proposed that plants purify air fouled by animals and burning candles in the presence of sunlight?
a) Joseph Priestley
b) Jan Ingenhousz
c) Julius von Sachs
d) T.W. Engelmann
Answer: b) Jan Ingenhousz
5. What is the first stable product of CO₂ fixation in the C₃ pathway?
a) Glucose
b) Phosphoglycerate (PGA)
c) Oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
d) Malic acid
Answer: b) Phosphoglycerate (PGA)
6. What is the primary CO₂ acceptor in the Calvin cycle?
a) Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
b) Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
c) PGA
d) NADP
Answer: a) Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
7. Which type of plants exhibit Kranz anatomy?
a) C₃ plants
b) C₄ plants
c) CAM plants
d) Aquatic plants
Answer: b) C₄ plants
8. Which enzyme is involved in both carboxylation and oxygenation in C₃ plants?
a) PEP carboxylase
b) RuBisCO
c) ATP synthase
d) NADP reductase
Answer: b) RuBisCO
9. What is the major limiting factor for photosynthesis under normal atmospheric conditions?
a) Light intensity
b) Temperature
c) Water availability
d) Carbon dioxide concentration
Answer: d) Carbon dioxide concentration
10. Which of the following is true for the Z-scheme of photosynthesis?
a) It occurs during the dark reaction.
b) It represents the flow of electrons from PS II to PS I.
c) It involves only PS I.
d) It is part of the Calvin cycle.
Answer: b) It represents the flow of electrons from PS II to PS I.
11. What is the main purpose of accessory pigments in photosynthesis?
a) To store light energy
b) To protect chlorophyll from photo-oxidation
c) To absorb a broader range of light wavelengths
d) Both b and c
Answer: d) Both b and c
12. Which scientist used a prism to study the action spectrum of photosynthesis using algae and aerobic bacteria?
a) Joseph Priestley
b) T.W. Engelmann
c) Cornelius van Niel
d) Melvin Calvin
Answer: b) T.W. Engelmann
13. The splitting of water during photosynthesis is associated with which photosystem?
a) Photosystem I
b) Photosystem II
c) Both Photosystem I and II
d) Calvin cycle
Answer: b) Photosystem II
14. What is the first stable product of CO₂ fixation in the C₄ pathway?
a) PGA
b) Oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
c) Malic acid
d) Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)
Answer: b) Oxaloacetic acid (OAA)
15. In C₄ plants, the Calvin cycle occurs in:
a) Mesophyll cells
b) Bundle sheath cells
c) Both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells
d) Epidermal cells
Answer: b) Bundle sheath cells
16. Which process in photosynthesis produces oxygen as a byproduct?
a) Photolysis of water
b) Calvin cycle
c) Photorespiration
d) Cyclic photophosphorylation
Answer: a) Photolysis of water
17. Why do C₄ plants have a higher productivity compared to C₃ plants?
a) They perform photorespiration efficiently.
b) They have higher RuBisCO activity in mesophyll cells.
c) They concentrate CO₂ around RuBisCO, reducing photorespiration.
d) They rely solely on light reactions for carbohydrate synthesis.
Answer: c) They concentrate CO₂ around RuBisCO, reducing photorespiration.
18. What is the role of NADPH in photosynthesis?
a) To act as an electron donor during the Calvin cycle
b) To split water molecules during the light reaction
c) To absorb light energy in photosystem I
d) To transfer protons into the thylakoid lumen
Answer: a) To act as an electron donor during the Calvin cycle
19. What is the main structural difference in the leaves of C₄ plants compared to C₃ plants?
a) Presence of Kranz anatomy in C₄ plants
b) Thicker epidermis in C₃ plants
c) Lack of chloroplasts in C₄ plants
d) Higher number of stomata in C₃ plants
Answer: a) Presence of Kranz anatomy in C₄ plants
20. What is the main feature of the cyclic photophosphorylation process?
a) Produces both ATP and NADPH
b) Produces only ATP
c) Produces oxygen as a byproduct
d) Transfers electrons from PS II to PS I
Answer: b) Produces only ATP
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