Unit: 3 - Equality
1. **Why is equality considered a powerful ideal?**
- a) It has been explicitly stated in the laws of all countries.
- b) It is embedded in all religions as a moral guide.
- c) It has only been important since the 18th century.
- d) It is unnecessary in modern society.
- **Answer:** b) It is embedded in all religions as a moral guide.
2. **What did the slogan "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity" represent during the French Revolution?**
- a) Support for monarchy and feudalism
- b) Equality for all industrial workers
- c) Resistance against inequality in social ranks
- d) A demand for greater military power
- **Answer:** c) Resistance against inequality in social ranks
3. **Which of the following best describes 'natural inequality'?**
- a) Inequalities arising from societal roles
- b) Differences based on birth talents or abilities
- c) Inequalities based on discrimination by law
- d) Differences caused by unequal distribution of wealth
- **Answer:** b) Differences based on birth talents or abilities
4. **In terms of global income distribution, how much does the richest 10% control?**
- a) 5%
- b) 25%
- c) 54%
- d) 86%
- **Answer:** c) 54%
5. **Which of the following statements best describes "social inequality"?**
- a) Inequality due to birth-based characteristics
- b) Differences of status imposed by government
- c) Inequalities due to social systems and institutions
- d) Only economic disparities between individuals
- **Answer:** c) Inequalities due to social systems and institutions
6. **According to the text, why do developed countries consume more resources than developing countries?**
- a) Because they have a larger population.
- b) Due to higher industrialization and energy use.
- c) They depend entirely on renewable resources.
- d) They practice minimal pollution controls.
- **Answer:** b) Due to higher industrialization and energy use.
7. **What is the main idea of 'equality of opportunity'?**
- a) Equal access to political power.
- b) Equal income for all individuals.
- c) Equal access to resources for personal growth.
- d) Elimination of all types of differences.
- **Answer:** c) Equal access to resources for personal growth.
8. **In the Indian context, what is a significant barrier to equality of opportunity?**
- a) Lack of natural resources
- b) Absence of social diversity
- c) Customs that restrict fair competition
- d) Low literacy rate across all groups
- **Answer:** c) Customs that restrict fair competition
9. **Which of the following is NOT a dimension of equality mentioned in the text?**
- a) Political equality
- b) Economic equality
- c) Educational equality
- d) Social equality
- **Answer:** c) Educational equality
10. **Which community has the highest number of graduates per thousand persons according to the data provided?**
- A) Hindu - Upper Caste
- B) Sikh
- C) Other Religions
- D) Christian
- **Answer:** C) Other Religions
11. **Which of the following is primarily associated with economic inequality in society?**
- A) Equal rights to vote
- B) Differences in income and wealth among classes
- C) Equal access to higher education
- D) Affirmative action policies
- **Answer:** B) Differences in income and wealth among classes
12. **Feminism is mainly concerned with:**
- A) Affirming the superiority of women over men
- B) Achieving political rights exclusively for women
- C) Establishing equal rights and challenging patriarchy
- D) Supporting private ownership of resources
- **Answer:** C) Establishing equal rights and challenging patriarchy
13. **Which concept refers to policies aimed at correcting historical inequalities by providing advantages to marginalized groups?**
- A) Liberalism
- B) Patriarchy
- C) Affirmative Action
- D) Marxism
- **Answer:** C) Affirmative Action
14. **According to liberals, what is the best way to distribute resources and opportunities?**
- A) Through government-controlled planning and regulation
- B) Through competition under fair and open conditions
- C) By reserving positions in institutions for marginalized groups
- D) Through equal treatment irrespective of competition
- **Answer:** B) Through competition under fair and open conditions
15. **What term describes the distinction between ‘sex’ as a biological concept and ‘gender’ as a social construct?**
- A) Feminism
- B) Patriarchy
- C) Gender Inequality
- D) Gender Theory
- **Answer:** D) Gender Theory
16. **Rammanohar Lohia's concept of ‘Sapta Kranti’ includes which of the following inequalities?**
- A) Caste, gender, and economic inequality only
- B) Colonial rule, caste-based, and economic inequality
- C) Economic inequality and only one social inequality
- D) Gender inequality only
- **Answer:** B) Colonial rule, caste-based, and economic inequality
17. **In the given passage, which political ideology argues that inequality stems from private ownership of resources?**
- A) Feminism
- B) Liberalism
- C) Marxism
- D) Socialism
- **Answer:** C) Marxism
18. **Which of the following is an example of Affirmative Action?**
- A) Every adult citizen having the right to vote
- B) A scholarship program for students from underprivileged communities
- C) Free higher education for all citizens
- D) Hiring based solely on competitive exam scores
- **Answer:** B) A scholarship program for students from underprivileged communities
19. **According to feminists, which system perpetuates gender inequality by assigning power and privilege to men over women?**
- A) Liberalism
- B) Affirmative Action
- C) Patriarchy
- D) Capitalism
- **Answer:** C) Patriarchy
20. **Which of the following recommendations is consistent with the principle of equality as per the passage?**
- A) Reserving certain forest areas exclusively for specific tribes
- B) A government policy to help small and marginal farmers receive better market prices
- C) Encouraging only women to pursue professional degrees
- D) Allowing only men to join the combat units in the army
- **Answer:** B) A government policy to help small and marginal farmers receive better market prices
21. **Which of the following arguments for women’s right to vote is based on the principle of equality?**
- A) Women contribute to the family income and need representation
- B) Decisions by the government impact both men and women
- C) Women are mothers and should be respected with voting rights
- D) Women work equally as men do, even though in different fields
- **Answer:** B) Decisions by the government impact both men and women
**22. Which slogan did the French revolutionaries use to revolt against feudal aristocracy and the monarchy?**
- A. Liberty, Justice, and Brotherhood
- B. Freedom, Equality, and Justice
- C. Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
- D. Unity, Freedom, and Brotherhood
- **Answer:** C. Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity
**23. What does the concept of equality as a political ideal imply?**
- A. Equal respect and consideration for all based on shared humanity
- B. Treating all individuals the same in all situations
- C. Maintaining social ranks and privileges
- D. Creating different laws for different communities
- **Answer:** A. Equal respect and consideration for all based on shared humanity
**24. According to the provided text, what is the difference between natural and social inequalities?**
- A. Natural inequalities are created by society, while social inequalities are inherent.
- B. Natural inequalities stem from inherent capabilities, while social inequalities are a result of societal structure.
- C. Natural inequalities are only economic, while social inequalities are always cultural.
- D. Natural inequalities apply to groups, while social inequalities apply only to individuals.
- **Answer:** B. Natural inequalities stem from inherent capabilities, while social inequalities are a result of societal structure.
**25. Which of the following is an example of affirmative action?**
- A. Providing equal voting rights to all citizens
- B. Reservation of seats in educational institutions for disadvantaged groups
- C. Allowing only certain communities to access forest resources
- D. Implementing a flat tax system for all individuals
- **Answer:** B. Reservation of seats in educational institutions for disadvantaged groups
**26. Which statement reflects the feminist view on gender inequality?**
- A. Men and women should maintain their traditional roles
- B. Gender roles are biologically determined and should not be altered
- C. Patriarchy is a social system that grants power to men over women
- D. Women are inherently less capable than men
- **Answer:** C. Patriarchy is a social system that grants power to men over women
**27. Economic inequality in a society is most commonly measured by:**
- A. The availability of public services
- B. Income or wealth disparities between the richest and poorest groups
- C. Educational attainment of citizens
- D. Level of political participation
- **Answer:** B. Income or wealth disparities between the richest and poorest groups
**28. Which of the following does not align with the principle of equality?**
- A. Offering scholarships to underprivileged students
- B. Providing separate restrooms for men and women
- C. Implementing discriminatory policies based on race
- D. Granting maternity leave to women
- **Answer:** C. Implementing discriminatory policies based on race
**29. What is meant by “equality of opportunity”?**
- A. Everyone is provided with the same resources regardless of their needs
- B. Individuals have equal chances to develop their talents and pursue their goals
- C. All people receive equal treatment without any special provisions
- D. Ensuring the same income and wealth for all citizens
- **Answer:** B. Individuals have equal chances to develop their talents and pursue their goals
**30. What is a primary focus of socialism, according to the content?**
- A. Encouraging private ownership of resources
- B. Minimizing economic inequality and distributing resources justly
- C. Supporting unrestricted market competition
- D. Maintaining social hierarchies
- **Answer:** B. Minimizing economic inequality and distributing resources justly
**31. Which statement best explains political equality?**
- A. All citizens are granted equal rights, such as voting and freedom of expression
- B. Everyone must have the same level of wealth and income
- C. All people should have equal access to cultural resources
- D. Different groups have different political powers based on historical privileges
- **Answer:** A. All citizens are granted equal rights, such as voting and freedom of expression
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**32. Which of the following is an example of social inequality?**
- A. Different incomes based on different job skills
- B. Lack of access to quality education due to social background
- C. Differences in personal ambitions and career choices
- D. Unequal access to public parks based on interests
- **Answer:** B. Lack of access to quality education due to social background
**33. What is the goal of establishing political equality in a democratic society?**
- A. Ensuring equal wealth distribution
- B. Allowing citizens to vote and participate in government equally
- C. Guaranteeing similar education levels among citizens
- D. Promoting economic gains for privileged groups
- **Answer:** B. Allowing citizens to vote and participate in government equally
**34. According to feminist thought, what is the primary source of gender inequality?**
- A. Gender roles are biologically fixed
- B. Women are less involved in economic activities
- C. Patriarchy, a system that values men over women
- D. Women's natural predisposition towards domestic work
- **Answer:** C. Patriarchy, a system that values men over women
**35. In the context of equality, what is “affirmative action”?**
- A. The act of denying rights to certain groups
- B. Steps taken to help marginalized communities overcome disadvantages
- C. Making sure all individuals earn the same income
- D. Policies to prevent competition between different groups
- **Answer:** B. Steps taken to help marginalized communities overcome disadvantages
**36. Which ideology promotes state intervention to reduce economic inequalities?**
- A. Liberalism
- B. Feminism
- C. Socialism
- D. Conservatism
- **Answer:** C. Socialism
**37. What does “equality through differential treatment” suggest?**
- A. Treating everyone identically at all times
- B. Providing extra support to certain groups to ensure they can access equal rights
- C. Denying some groups equal access to certain facilities
- D. Allowing equal opportunities only for the economically advantaged
- **Answer:** B. Providing extra support to certain groups to ensure they can access equal rights
**38. Which of the following best illustrates economic inequality in India?**
- A. Uniform income distribution across all households
- B. A large gap between the richest and poorest in society
- C. Equal access to healthcare for rural and urban residents
- D. Equal educational resources for all communities
- **Answer:** B. A large gap between the richest and poorest in society
**39. The concept of “equality of opportunity” aims to:**
- A. Guarantee identical outcomes for all individuals
- B. Ensure that birth or social background does not limit access to resources
- C. Promote similar career paths for all citizens
- D. Provide financial equality by law
- **Answer:** B. Ensure that birth or social background does not limit access to resources
**40. What is the main criticism of affirmative action policies?**
- A. They lead to financial equality
- B. They create reverse discrimination against other groups
- C. They restrict the economic market
- D. They encourage only the wealthy to benefit
- **Answer:** B. They create reverse discrimination against other groups
**41. Which term refers to equality in political, social, and economic dimensions in society?**
- A. Social justice
- B. Comprehensive equality
- C. Multidimensional equity
- D. Egalitarianism
- **Answer:** D. Egalitarianism
**42. Marxists believe that economic inequality is entrenched because of:**
- A. Natural differences in abilities
- B. Equal access to resources
- C. Private ownership of key economic resources
- D. Competition in a free-market economy
- **Answer:** C. Private ownership of key economic resources
**43. According to liberal theory, what is the fairest way to distribute resources?**
- A. Government regulation of all resources
- B. Equal distribution regardless of effort
- C. Competitive processes with fair opportunities
- D. Random allocation among citizens
- **Answer:** C. Competitive processes with fair opportunities
**44. Which example best demonstrates social equality?**
- A. Equal representation in all levels of government
- B. Equal salaries for all occupations
- C. Policies that allow only the elite to vote
- D. Laws ensuring that men receive more social benefits than women
- **Answer:** A. Equal representation in all levels of government
**45. Which issue does affirmative action aim to address?**
- A. Improving only economic status of wealthy groups
- B. Providing extra benefits to already privileged individuals
- C. Compensating for past discrimination and social inequalities
- D. Limiting job opportunities for certain groups
- **Answer:** C. Compensating for past discrimination and social inequalities
**46. Why is “equality before the law” important for achieving equality?**
- A. It allows social groups to gain special privileges
- B. It ensures that all citizens are treated without discrimination by law
- C. It promotes unequal rewards for different abilities
- D. It limits opportunities based on gender
- **Answer:** B. It ensures that all citizens are treated without discrimination by law
**47. What does “formal equality” mean in the context of equality?**
- A. Providing everyone with equal resources
- B. Giving identical treatment under the law without discrimination
- C. Ensuring everyone has the same income
- D. Guaranteeing success for all individuals
- **Answer:** B. Giving identical treatment under the law without discrimination
**48. Which of the following best illustrates political equality?**
- A. All citizens have the right to access higher education
- B. Every citizen has the right to vote, regardless of status
- C. The government ensures wealth is distributed equally
- D. Each individual can choose their career
- **Answer:** B. Every citizen has the right to vote, regardless of status
**49. Which dimension of equality focuses on ensuring that all people have the right to participate in decision-making processes?**
- A. Economic equality
- B. Social equality
- C. Political equality
- D. Cultural equality
- **Answer:** C. Political equality
**50. Which is an example of economic inequality according to the content?**
- A. Restricting political voting rights for certain groups
- B. Unequal access to public healthcare based on income
- C. Different voting ages for men and women
- D. Separate restrooms based on gender
- **Answer:** B. Unequal access to public healthcare based on income
**51. Social inequality in access to education can result in:**
- A. Equal opportunities for all
- B. Higher social status for disadvantaged groups
- C. Limited career options for marginalized communities
- D. Improved healthcare for rural areas
- **Answer:** C. Limited career options for marginalized communities
**52. Which statement aligns with the concept of equality of opportunity?**
- A. Only individuals with economic means should attend college
- B. Everyone has the chance to pursue their goals regardless of background
- C. Equal opportunities require identical outcomes
- D. Opportunity equality depends solely on effort, not social background
- **Answer:** B. Everyone has the chance to pursue their goals regardless of background
**53. According to feminist perspectives, the “double burden” refers to:**
- A. Women’s responsibility for both paid work and unpaid domestic work
- B. Men’s role in both family and community responsibilities
- C. Women’s higher chance of facing workplace discrimination
- D. Men’s responsibility for family finances and societal expectations
- **Answer:** A. Women’s responsibility for both paid work and unpaid domestic work
**54. What does the principle of “equality as a guiding principle of state policy” suggest?**
- A. The state should remain uninvolved in personal matters
- B. The state should guarantee similar life outcomes for everyone
- C. The state should create policies ensuring equal access to opportunities
- D. The state should discourage competition among citizens
- **Answer:** C. The state should create policies ensuring equal access to opportunities
**55. The concept of affirmative action is designed to:**
- A. Offer privileged individuals special benefits
- B. Reward citizens based on their natural abilities
- C. Address historical disadvantages of marginalized groups
- D. Promote competition without any state intervention
- **Answer:** C. Address historical disadvantages of marginalized groups
**56. Which of the following is an example of a socially produced inequality?**
- A. Genetic differences between individuals
- B. Inherited social status and wealth
- C. Natural intelligence levels
- D. Differences in physical abilities
- **Answer:** B. Inherited social status and wealth
**57. Socialism as an ideology advocates for:**
- A. Minimal government intervention in economic matters
- B. Full control of all personal properties by the government
- C. Reducing economic inequality through resource distribution
- D. Complete abolition of social classes
- **Answer:** C. Reducing economic inequality through resource distribution
**58. Feminists argue that gender inequality is largely caused by:**
- A. Individual choices and interests
- B. The biological differences between men and women
- C. Patriarchy, which places more value on men over women
- D. Economic factors that affect men more than women
- **Answer:** C. Patriarchy, which places more value on men over women
**59. Which term describes the belief that inequalities in income are acceptable as long as basic goods like education and healthcare are accessible to all?**
- A. Absolute equality
- B. Equality of opportunity
- C. Natural equality
- D. Relative equality
- **Answer:** B. Equality of opportunity
**60. A primary criticism of affirmative action policies is that they may:**
- A. Cause additional social inequalities
- B. Reverse the effects of historical discrimination
- C. Encourage a more egalitarian society
- D. Compensate for past injustices against marginalized groups
- **Answer:** A. Cause additional social inequalities
**61. In democratic societies, political equality primarily ensures that:**
- A. Citizens have equal economic status
- B. All citizens have the right to participate in government
- C. Laws prevent all forms of social differences
- D. Political leaders share wealth equally among citizens
- **Answer:** B. All citizens have the right to participate in government
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