Questions & Answers HS (11th & 12th) : MCQ Economics (English Medium) Part B Statistics for Economics Unit 2: Collection, Organization and Presentation of Data, HS 1st Year

Unit-2: Collection, Organization and Presentation of Data:

Collection of data : Sources of data –Primary and Secondary ,Methods of Collecting data. Census and sample survey (concepts only) Some Important Sources of Secondary data: Census of India and National Sample survey organization. Organization: Organization of data –meaning and types of variables, frequency ,distribution ,Presentation of data- tabular and diagrammatic presentation of data-Bar diagram, Pie diagram, Histogram, Frequency Polygon, frequency curve, ogive and time series graph

Collection of Data

1-10: Basics of Data Collection

What is the purpose of data collection in economics?
- a) To complicate decision-making
- b) To show evidence for reaching a sound solution
- c) To create confusion in problem-solving
- d) To increase data quantity
  Answer: b
What are the two main types of data?
- a) Simple and Complex
- b) Quantitative and Qualitative
- c) Primary and Secondary
- d) Raw and Processed
  Answer: c
Data collected directly by a researcher is called:
- a) Secondary data
- b) Sample data
- c) Primary data
- d) Population data
  Answer: c
Secondary data can be obtained from:
- a) Surveys
- b) Government reports
- c) Observation
- d) Random sampling
  Answer: b
Which method is used to avoid biased responses in questions?
- a) Ambiguous phrasing
- b) Leading questions
- c) Open-ended questions
- d) Precise and clear questions
  Answer: d
What does a "sample" represent?
- a) Entire population
- b) Part of the population
- c) Outdated data
- d) Census data
  Answer: b
Data presented for use by other researchers is:
- a) Primary data
- b) Processed data
- c) Secondary data
- d) Experimental data
  Answer: c
A census includes:
- a) Only urban population
- b) A sample of a population
- c) Every element of a population
- d) Random data points
  Answer: c
What does NSSO stand for?
- a) National Sample Statistical Office
- b) National Survey Statistical Organisation
- c) National Sample Survey Office
- d) National Statistical Survey Office
  Answer: c
In random sampling:

a) Some individuals are excluded intentionally
b) All individuals have an equal chance of selection
c) The largest sample is always chosen
d) Only numeric data is collected
Answer: b

11-20: Data Collection Techniques

Which method involves face-to-face interviews?
- a) Telephone interviews
- b) Mailing surveys
- c) Personal interviews
- d) Online surveys
  Answer: c
What is a major advantage of personal interviews?
- a) Lowest cost
- b) Long response time
- c) Clarification of ambiguous questions
- d) Lack of personal contact
  Answer: c
A disadvantage of mailed surveys is:
- a) High response rate
- b) Difficulty in clarifying questions
- c) Higher costs than interviews
- d) Inability to include sensitive questions
  Answer: b
Telephone interviews are suitable because:
- a) They are costly
- b) They ensure anonymity
- c) They require a large sample size
- d) They allow clarification during the interview
  Answer: d
Which survey method maintains the anonymity of respondents?
- a) Personal interviews
- b) Mailing surveys
- c) Exit polls
- d) Census
  Answer: b
A pilot survey is conducted to:
- a) Finalise the study’s conclusions
- b) Test and refine the questionnaire
- c) Collect large-scale data
- d) Skip unimportant questions
  Answer: b
What is an open-ended question?
- a) Requires a "yes" or "no" answer
- b) Provides multiple-choice options
- c) Allows individualised responses
- d) Avoids asking about specific topics
  Answer: c
What is the primary goal of random sampling?
- a) Reduce errors entirely
- b) Include every individual
- c) Avoid judgment bias
- d) Collect opinions selectively
  Answer: c
An advantage of sampling over a census is:
- a) Greater expense
- b) Detailed examination of small groups
- c) Time-consuming process
- d) Inclusion of every individual
  Answer: b
Exit polls predict election results using:
- a) Non-random sampling
- b) A sample of voters leaving polling booths
- c) Direct census techniques
- d) Large-scale telephonic interviews
  Answer: b

21-30: Errors and Bias in Data

Sampling error arises due to:
- a) Recording mistakes
- b) Non-representative samples
- c) Errors in data processing
- d) Unclear survey objectives
  Answer: b
A major cause of non-sampling error is:
- a) Use of a random sample
- b) Taking a large sample
- c) Bias in data acquisition
- d) Using secondary data
  Answer: c
Recording errors can occur due to:
- a) Misinterpretation of responses
- b) Unbiased sampling
- c) Random errors only
- d) Perfect measurement tools
  Answer: a
Non-response errors arise when:
- a) Questions are ambiguous
- b) Respondents refuse to participate
- c) Sampling frames are incorrect
- d) Data is collected systematically
  Answer: b
An example of a leading question is:
- a) How do you feel about climate change?
- b) Do you think high-quality tea is better?
- c) Would you consider voting this year?
- d) What is your preferred political party?
  Answer: b
How can sampling errors be reduced?
- a) Increasing sample size
- b) Skipping random sampling
- c) Using biased questions
- d) Avoiding pilot surveys
  Answer: a
Errors caused by interviewer influence are:
- a) Sampling errors
- b) Non-sampling errors
- c) Judgment errors
- d) Random errors
  Answer: b
Sampling bias occurs when:
- a) Non-representative groups are included
- b) Random selection is followed
- c) Everyone in the population is included
- d) Primary data is directly used
  Answer: a
Double negatives in questions:
- a) Help improve clarity
- b) Lead to confusion
- c) Reduce response rates
- d) Ensure unbiased responses
  Answer: b
Pilot surveys help in:

a) Identifying errors in sampling plans
b) Collecting complete census data
c) Avoiding structured interviews
d) Limiting secondary data use
Answer: a

Organisation of Data

1. What is the main purpose of classifying raw data?

(a) To collect additional information
(b) To bring order for further statistical analysis
(c) To make raw data more complex
(d) To ignore smaller data sets
Answer: (b)

2. What is raw data?

(a) Data that has been classified
(b) Summarized data for conclusions
(c) Unclassified, disorganized data
(d) Processed statistical data
Answer: (c)

3. Which type of classification arranges data based on time?

(a) Spatial classification
(b) Chronological classification
(c) Qualitative classification
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

4. When classifying books by subjects like "Mathematics," this is an example of:

(a) Spatial classification
(b) Quantitative classification
(c) Qualitative classification
(d) Chronological classification
Answer: (c)

5. What is the range in data classification?

(a) The ratio of the highest and lowest values
(b) The sum of all values
(c) The difference between the highest and lowest values
(d) The average of all data points
Answer: (c)

6. A frequency distribution table is used to:

(a) Collect data
(b) Summarize raw data into organized classes
(c) Provide exact data values
(d) Perform advanced calculations
Answer: (b)

7. What is the midpoint of a class in frequency distribution?

(a) The sum of the upper and lower class limits
(b) Half the sum of the upper and lower class limits
(c) The product of class limits
(d) The difference between class limits
Answer: (b)

8. In exclusive classification, which values are excluded from a class?

(a) Lower limit values
(b) Upper limit values
(c) Both limits
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

9. Discrete variables:

(a) Take any fractional or whole number values
(b) Take only whole number or fixed fractional values
(c) Cannot take integer values
(d) Always change continuously
Answer: (b)

10. Which variable can take all conceivable values in a range?

(a) Discrete variable
(b) Continuous variable
(c) Qualitative variable
(d) Spatial variable
Answer: (b)

11. What is a bivariate frequency distribution?

(a) Distribution involving one variable
(b) Distribution involving two variables
(c) Distribution involving qualitative data
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

12. A frequency distribution curve plots:

(a) Class limits against frequency
(b) Class midpoints against frequency
(c) Observations directly
(d) Data categories
Answer: (b)

13. Which of the following is a qualitative variable?

(a) Age
(b) Height
(c) Gender
(d) Income
Answer: (c)

14. What is the lower class limit of the class 30-40?

(a) 30
(b) 35
(c) 40
(d) None of the above
Answer: (a)

15. The Government of India conducts a population census every:

(a) 5 years
(b) 10 years
(c) 15 years
(d) 20 years
Answer: (b)

16. What is the purpose of grouping raw data?

(a) To avoid calculations
(b) To make data appear smaller
(c) To facilitate comparison and analysis
(d) To discard unnecessary data
Answer: (c)

17. What type of data classification is based on geographical regions?

(a) Chronological classification
(b) Quantitative classification
(c) Spatial classification
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c)

18. What is a tally mark used for in frequency distributions?

(a) To record the total observations
(b) To count the frequency of observations in a class
(c) To show cumulative frequencies
(d) To record ungrouped data
Answer: (b)

19. The frequency in a class interval represents:

(a) The sum of all data points in the class
(b) The count of observations within the class limits
(c) The product of class width and observations
(d) The total of all classes
Answer: (b)

20. A frequency array is used for:

(a) Continuous variables
(b) Discrete variables
(c) Both continuous and discrete variables
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

21. If marks in a class are 40, 45, 42, 44, and 41, what is their class frequency?

(a) 3
(b) 5
(c) 2
(d) 6
Answer: (b)

22. In the example of household size, the size of a household is classified as:

(a) A continuous variable
(b) A discrete variable
(c) A qualitative variable
(d) A spatial variable
Answer: (b)

23. What is the class interval for the range 0–100 if 10 classes are chosen?

(a) 5
(b) 10
(c) 20
(d) 15
Answer: (b)

24. Loss of information in classified data means:

(a) The inability to summarize data
(b) Losing raw data details during grouping
(c) Errors in calculations
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

25. In inclusive class intervals:

(a) Only lower limits are included
(b) Only upper limits are included
(c) Both lower and upper limits are included
(d) Neither lower nor upper limits are included
Answer: (c)

26. The term "class mark" refers to:

(a) The midpoint of the class interval
(b) The highest value in the class
(c) The average of all class frequencies
(d) The difference between upper and lower limits
Answer: (a)

27. A class interval of 30–40 in the exclusive method excludes:

(a) 30
(b) 40
(c) Both 30 and 40
(d) Neither 30 nor 40
Answer: (b)

28. What does a bivariate frequency table display?

(a) Values of two unrelated variables
(b) Relationship between two variables
(c) One variable only
(d) Summarized qualitative data
Answer: (b)

29. What should be avoided when determining class limits?

(a) Equal class intervals
(b) Overlapping limits
(c) Clear boundaries
(d) Statistical calculations
Answer: (b)

30. What does "range" measure in data classification?

(a) Central tendency
(b) Spread of data
(c) Median
(d) Mode
Answer: (b)

31. How is the "class interval" calculated?

(a) Upper limit minus lower limit
(b) Upper limit plus lower limit
(c) Total frequency divided by number of classes
(d) Total range divided by number of classes
Answer: (a)

32. In unequal class intervals, which situation is most suitable?

(a) Uniform data distribution
(b) Wide data range with concentrated values in specific ranges
(c) Data limited to one class
(d) Random observations
Answer: (b)

33. If the upper limit of one class is the same as the lower limit of the next class, the method is:

(a) Inclusive
(b) Exclusive
(c) Spatial
(d) Qualitative
Answer: (b)

34. Why are class marks preferred in statistical calculations for frequency tables?

(a) They summarize data effectively
(b) They simplify formulas
(c) Raw data is not required
(d) All of the above
Answer: (d)

35. Continuous variables cannot:

(a) Take whole number values
(b) Take fractional values
(c) Take only specific discrete values
(d) Change over time
Answer: (c)

36. What type of graph represents a frequency distribution?

(a) Line chart
(b) Frequency curve
(c) Pie chart
(d) Scatter plot
Answer: (b)

37. The term "frequency" in data classification means:

(a) Total number of observations
(b) Number of observations in a class
(c) Range of the data
(d) Total number of classes
Answer: (b)

38. How can continuity be restored in class intervals of continuous variables?

(a) Adding and subtracting 0.5 to class limits
(b) Doubling the range
(c) Using tally marks
(d) Removing gaps between observations
Answer: (a)

39. Variables like height, weight, and distance are:

(a) Qualitative variables
(b) Continuous variables
(c) Discrete variables
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

40. The midpoint of the class 50–60 is:

(a) 55
(b) 50
(c) 60
(d) 52.5
Answer: (a)

41. Data that cannot be expressed numerically is classified as:

(a) Quantitative classification
(b) Chronological classification
(c) Qualitative classification
(d) None of the above
Answer: (c)

42. Why is the bivariate distribution useful?

(a) To study a single variable in detail
(b) To examine relationships between two variables
(c) To simplify data summarization
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

43. Class intervals in inclusive classification may look like:

(a) 0–9, 10–19
(b) 1–10, 11–20
(c) 0–10, 11–20
(d) 1–9, 10–19
Answer: (b)

44. What is the advantage of classifying raw data?

(a) Summarizes data for statistical analysis
(b) Simplifies raw data handling
(c) Enables comparisons
(d) All of the above
Answer: (d)

45. The lower class limit of the class 1000–1099 is:

(a) 999.5
(b) 1000
(c) 1099
(d) 1000.5
Answer: (b)

46. How are unequal class intervals represented in data?

(a) By equal intervals for all classes
(b) Smaller intervals for concentrated data ranges
(c) Larger intervals for all data ranges
(d) Unequal intervals only for qualitative data
Answer: (b)

47. What does "frequency array" specifically describe?

(a) Univariate frequency distributions
(b) Discrete variable distributions
(c) Continuous variable distributions
(d) None of the above
Answer: (b)

48. Open-ended classes like "70 and above" are:

(a) Preferred for clarity
(b) Not desirable in statistical analysis
(c) Useful for continuous variables
(d) Necessary for tally marking
Answer: (b)

49. Class width is determined by:

(a) Subtracting upper class limit from lower class limit
(b) Adding upper and lower class limits
(c) Subtracting the smallest observation from the largest observation
(d) Dividing range by the number of classes
Answer: (a)

50. Which method is generally used for continuous variables?

(a) Inclusive classification
(b) Exclusive classification
(c) Qualitative classification
(d) Spatial classification
Answer: (b)

Presentation of Data

1–10: General Concepts

Which of the following is not a method of data presentation?
a) Textual
b) Diagrammatic
c) Numerical
d) Tabular
Answer: c) Numerical
In textual presentation, data are:
a) Summarized in tables
b) Explained in sentences within a text
c) Represented using diagrams
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Explained in sentences within a text
What is the major drawback of textual data presentation?
a) Lack of compactness
b) Requires reading the entire text for comprehension
c) Not suitable for small data
d) Both a and b
Answer: d) Both a and b
Which classification is based on attributes like social status?
a) Quantitative
b) Qualitative
c) Spatial
d) Temporal
Answer: b) Qualitative
In tabular presentation, rows are read:
a) Vertically
b) Horizontally
c) Diagonally
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Horizontally
Which is not a part of a statistical table?
a) Title
b) Caption
c) Stub
d) Graph
Answer: d) Graph
A 3×3 table contains how many cells?
a) 6
b) 9
c) 12
d) 15
Answer: b) 9
The source of data is usually placed:
a) At the top of the table
b) Below the title
c) At the bottom of the table
d) Beside the stub column
Answer: c) At the bottom of the table
Which unit must be stated in a table?
a) Measurement units of data
b) Geographical units
c) Timeframe units
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Measurement units of data
Which classification organizes data according to time?
a) Spatial
b) Temporal
c) Quantitative
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Temporal

11–20: Diagrammatic Representation

A bar diagram is an example of a:
a) Geometric diagram
b) Frequency diagram
c) Arithmetic line graph
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Geometric diagram
What does the height of a bar in a bar diagram indicate?
a) Time
b) Magnitude of data
c) Base frequency
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Magnitude of data
Which type of bar diagram compares multiple datasets?
a) Simple bar diagram
b) Multiple bar diagram
c) Component bar diagram
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Multiple bar diagram
A pie chart divides the circle into:
a) Equal areas
b) Proportional sectors based on percentages
c) Angles of 90 degrees
d) None of the above
Answer: b) Proportional sectors based on percentages
Which type of diagram is best for showing frequency distributions?
a) Histogram
b) Pie chart
c) Line graph
d) Component bar diagram
Answer: a) Histogram
Frequency polygons are derived from:
a) Bar diagrams
b) Pie diagrams
c) Histograms
d) None of the above
Answer: c) Histograms
A smooth curve passing through the points of a frequency polygon is called:
a) Frequency curve
b) Ogive
c) Histogram
d) Line graph
Answer: a) Frequency curve
Cumulative frequency curves are also known as:
a) Frequency polygons
b) Ogives
c) Pie charts
d) Component bar diagrams
Answer: b) Ogives
An arithmetic line graph is used for:
a) Representing time series data
b) Comparing two datasets
c) Highlighting data proportions
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Representing time series data
What does the intersection of "less than" and "more than" ogives represent?
a) Mean
b) Mode
c) Median
d) Frequency
Answer: c) Median

21–30: Practical Applications

Which diagram is most suitable for monthly rainfall data?
a) Pie chart
b) Line graph
c) Histogram
d) Bar diagram
Answer: b) Line graph
Which diagram shows the composition of costs in a factory?
a) Pie chart
b) Histogram
c) Bar diagram
d) None of the above
Answer: a) Pie chart
For presenting sales over years, which diagram would you choose?
a) Line graph
b) Histogram
c) Pie chart
d) Component bar diagram
Answer: a) Line graph
The angular component for 20% in a pie chart is:
a) 18°
b) 36°
c) 72°
d) 144°
Answer: c) 72°

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Monday, December 2, 2024

MCQ Economics (English Medium) Part B Statistics for Economics Unit 2: Collection, Organization and Presentation of Data, HS 1st Year