1. What is the most toxic form of nitrogenous waste?
a) Urea
b) Ammonia
c) Uric acid
d) Creatinine
Answer: b) Ammonia
2. Which animals are primarily ammonotelic?
a) Birds and reptiles
b) Mammals and marine fishes
c) Bony fishes and aquatic amphibians
d) Land snails and insects
Answer: c) Bony fishes and aquatic amphibians
3. What is the primary excretory product in ureotelic animals?
a) Ammonia
b) Urea
c) Uric acid
d) Nitrogen gas
Answer: b) Urea
4. In humans, the functional unit of the kidney is:
a) Nephridia
b) Malpighian tubule
c) Nephron
d) Green gland
Answer: c) Nephron
5. Which structure in the nephron is responsible for ultrafiltration?
a) Proximal convoluted tubule
b) Loop of Henle
c) Glomerulus
d) Collecting duct
Answer: c) Glomerulus
6. The ascending limb of Henle’s loop is:
a) Permeable to water
b) Impermeable to water
c) Permeable to both water and electrolytes
d) Impermeable to electrolytes
Answer: b) Impermeable to water
7. Which hormone facilitates water reabsorption in the kidneys?
a) Aldosterone
b) ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
c) Renin
d) Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Answer: b) ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone)
8. What is the counter-current mechanism in the kidney responsible for?
a) Increasing blood flow to the kidneys
b) Maintaining the pH of blood
c) Creating a concentration gradient in the medulla
d) Excretion of urea
Answer: c) Creating a concentration gradient in the medulla
9. The juxta glomerular apparatus (JGA) regulates:
a) Blood sugar levels
b) Blood pressure and GFR
c) Osmolarity of urine
d) Excretion of ammonia
Answer: b) Blood pressure and GFR
10. The process of emptying the urinary bladder is called:
a) Filtration
b) Secretion
c) Micturition
d) Reabsorption
Answer: c) Micturition
11. Which structure is referred to as the "Malpighian body"?
a) Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
b) Proximal convoluted tubule
c) Loop of Henle
d) Distal convoluted tubule
Answer: a) Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
12. What is the role of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)?
a) Formation of filtrate
b) Reabsorption of essential nutrients and ions
c) Water reabsorption only
d) Excretion of nitrogenous waste
Answer: b) Reabsorption of essential nutrients and ions
13. What is the approximate glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a healthy individual?
a) 100 ml/min
b) 125 ml/min
c) 200 ml/min
d) 1.5 liters per day
Answer: b) 125 ml/min
14. The descending limb of Henle’s loop is:
a) Impermeable to water but allows electrolytes
b) Permeable to water but impermeable to electrolytes
c) Impermeable to both water and electrolytes
d) Permeable to electrolytes only
Answer: b) Permeable to water but impermeable to electrolytes
15. Which of the following structures helps in osmoregulation in flatworms?
a) Nephridia
b) Malpighian tubules
c) Green glands
d) Protonephridia
Answer: d) Protonephridia
16. Which hormone is released by the adrenal cortex during the renin-angiotensin mechanism?
a) ADH
b) Aldosterone
c) Atrial Natriuretic Factor
d) Angiotensin II
Answer: b) Aldosterone
17. What triggers the release of Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)?
a) Decreased blood pressure
b) Increased blood pressure
c) Increased osmolarity of urine
d) Activation of JGA
Answer: b) Increased blood pressure
18. Which nitrogenous waste is excreted with minimal water loss?
a) Ammonia
b) Urea
c) Uric acid
d) Creatinine
Answer: c) Uric acid
19. The vasa recta is closely associated with which part of the nephron?
a) Bowman’s capsule
b) Proximal convoluted tubule
c) Loop of Henle
d) Collecting duct
Answer: c) Loop of Henle
20. Which of the following disorders is characterized by the accumulation of urea in the blood?
a) Renal calculi
b) Uremia
c) Glomerulonephritis
d) Diabetes mellitus
Answer: b) Uremia
21. What is the primary function of sweat glands?
a) Excretion of urea
b) Regulation of blood pressure
c) Cooling of the body surface
d) Maintenance of ionic balance
Answer: c) Cooling of the body surface
22. What does the dialysing fluid lack during hemodialysis?
a) Glucose
b) Electrolytes
c) Nitrogenous wastes
d) Plasma proteins
Answer: c) Nitrogenous wastes
23. Which of the following is not involved in urine formation?
a) Filtration
b) Reabsorption
c) Secretion
d) Diffusion
Answer: d) Diffusion
24. What is the role of the renal columns (Columns of Bertini)?
a) Concentration of urine
b) Support for the cortex between medullary pyramids
c) Regulation of pH in the kidney
d) Hormonal secretion
Answer: b) Support for the cortex between medullary pyramids
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