What is the first step in the process of plant growth?
- A. Seed maturation
- B. Seed germination
- C. Flowering
- D. Root elongation
Answer: B. Seed germination
Which type of meristem is responsible for the increase in the girth of dicotyledonous plants?
- A. Apical meristem
- B. Intercalary meristem
- C. Lateral meristem
- D. Primary meristem
Answer: C. Lateral meristem
Which parameter is generally difficult to measure directly for growth at the cellular level?
- A. Length
- B. Fresh weight
- C. Volume
- D. Protoplasm increase
Answer: D. Protoplasm increase
In which phase of growth does a plant cell attain its maximal size and undergo protoplasmic modifications?
- A. Meristematic phase
- B. Elongation phase
- C. Maturation phase
- D. Senescence phase
Answer: C. Maturation phase
What type of growth curve is typically exhibited by cells and tissues in natural environments?
- A. Exponential growth curve
- B. Sigmoid growth curve
- C. Linear growth curve
- D. Logarithmic growth curve
Answer: B. Sigmoid growth curve
Which plant growth regulator is referred to as the "stress hormone"?
- A. Auxin
- B. Cytokinin
- C. Gibberellin
- D. Abscisic acid
Answer: D. Abscisic acid
Which of the following is a synthetic auxin?
- A. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
- B. Indole butyric acid (IBA)
- C. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)
- D. Cytokinin
Answer: C. Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)
Which phenomenon explains the ability of plants to form different structures in response to environmental conditions?
- A. Differentiation
- B. Dedifferentiation
- C. Redifferentiation
- D. Plasticity
Answer: D. Plasticity
What is the role of gibberellins in sugarcane?
- A. Induce fruit ripening
- B. Increase stem length and yield
- C. Promote root growth
- D. Delay senescence
Answer: B. Increase stem length and yield
What happens when ethylene is applied to unripe fruits?
- A. Delays ripening
- B. Promotes rapid ripening
- C. Induces seed dormancy
- D. Enhances vegetative growth
Answer: B. Promotes rapid ripening
Which plant growth regulator is most effective in breaking seed dormancy and sprouting potato tubers?
- A. Abscisic acid
- B. Ethylene
- C. Auxin
- D. Cytokinin
Answer: B. Ethylene
What type of growth occurs when both daughter cells retain the ability to divide?
- A. Arithmetic growth
- B. Geometric growth
- C. Linear growth
- D. Differentiation growth
Answer: B. Geometric growth
What is the term for the formation of meristematic tissues from fully differentiated parenchyma cells?
- A. Differentiation
- B. Dedifferentiation
- C. Redifferentiation
- D. Apical dominance
Answer: B. Dedifferentiation
Which of the following is a physiological effect of auxins?
- A. Induction of flowering in mango
- B. Delay of leaf senescence
- C. Induction of parthenocarpy in tomatoes
- D. Promotion of nutrient mobilization
Answer: C. Induction of parthenocarpy in tomatoes
Which plant growth regulator promotes nutrient mobilization and helps delay leaf senescence?
- A. Auxins
- B. Gibberellins
- C. Cytokinins
- D. Ethylene
Answer: C. Cytokinins
The term 'apical dominance' refers to which phenomenon in plants?
- A. Suppression of lateral bud growth by the apical bud
- B. Induction of root growth by shoot tips
- C. Elongation of internodes near the shoot apex
- D. Promotion of flowering in apical tissues
Answer: A. Suppression of lateral bud growth by the apical bud
What is the role of gibberellins in biennial plants like beet and cabbage?
- A. Promotes seed dormancy
- B. Induces bolting (internode elongation) before flowering
- C. Delays fruit ripening
- D. Enhances apical dominance
Answer: B. Induces bolting (internode elongation) before flowering
Which of the following factors is NOT essential for plant growth?
- A. Water
- B. Oxygen
- C. Nutrients
- D. Carbon monoxide
Answer: D. Carbon monoxide
In a sigmoid growth curve, which phase is characterized by slow initial growth?
- A. Exponential phase
- B. Lag phase
- C. Stationary phase
- D. Senescence phase
Answer: B. Lag phase
Which plant growth regulator is most commonly used to induce flowering and synchronize fruit set in pineapples?
- A. Auxin
- B. Gibberellin
- C. Ethylene
- D. Abscisic acid
Answer: C. Ethylene
What phenomenon allows plants to develop differently shaped leaves in water and air?
- A. Heterophylly
- B. Differentiation
- C. Dedifferentiation
- D. Apical dominance
Answer: A. Heterophylly
What is the most characteristic curve of growth in plants under natural conditions?
- A. Linear curve
- B. Sigmoid curve
- C. Exponential curve
- D. Parabolic curve
Answer: B. Sigmoid curve
What would happen if cytokinins are not added to a tissue culture medium?
- A. Callus will not form
- B. Seed dormancy will be induced
- C. Cell division will be reduced or absent
- D. Root growth will dominate
Answer: C. Cell division will be reduced or absent
Which plant hormone enhances the respiratory climacteric during fruit ripening?
- A. Auxin
- B. Cytokinin
- C. Ethylene
- D. Gibberellin
Answer: C. Ethylene
What is the primary function of abscisic acid during unfavorable conditions?
- A. Promotes cell division
- B. Induces dormancy and closes stomata
- C. Enhances flowering
- D. Increases stem elongation
Answer: B. Induces dormancy and closes stomata
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